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Taliban bans many subjects for women in Afghan varsities_我的网站

A | 1月10日，CNBC报道，亚马逊首席执行官杰夫·贝佐斯和妻子麦肯齐周三宣布“友好离婚”。

B |     Kabul, Oct 15 (UNI) A year after banning most teenage girls from attending school, the Taliban are imposing sweeping restrictions on which courses women can enroll for in at public universities, a BBC report said.

The choice for female students can vary from university to university, and depending on which part of the country you're in, the BBC found. Women are allowed to take medicine and nursing in all provinces, as well as teacher training and Islamic studies.

But veterinary science, engineering, economics and agriculture appear off-limits to women nationwide, while opportunities to study journalism are extremely limited.

The militant group have said the correct "Islamic environment" needs to be created for older girls to be allowed back into schools. However, more than a year after they returned to power this still has not happened in most provinces, with reports suggesting hardliners in the group remain opposed to it.

Many girls did not get to complete their final year at school as girls were banned from high school by the Taliban after they seized power in August 2021, the BBC said.

The Taliban did, however, make the decision that girls who were in the last year of school could also sit university entrance exams.

This hope though appears short-lived with the limitations on the subjects being introduced for women only.

At several universities, the BBC report said, female students were given the option of taking a test in subjects such as nursing, midwifery or literature, which are among the courses on offer at the seven faculties open to them at Nangarhar, but not in journalism.

University professors who supervised the entrance examination there confirmed to the BBC that boys would be allowed to choose any subject they want.

Officials expect 100,000 students (including 30,000 women) were likely to take university entrance exams in Afghanistan this year, the BBC said.

The academic year starts either in March or August, and it usually takes two to three months for entrance exam results to be announced. Now, with the Taliban back in power, nobody is sure when the results will be released, the BBC reported.

Male and female students have been taking the exams separately - in line with Taliban rules on segregating students by gender - for example boys in the morning, girls in the afternoon or by using screens in exam halls. In some provinces where the candidate numbers were high, entrance exams were held over two or three days.

Activists told the BBC, the number of female students applying for university will fall dramatically in the coming years, unless the Taliban reopen secondary schools to girls from grades 6 to 12.

Taliban officials are downplaying the restrictions. Abdul Qadir Khamush, who heads the examinations division in the Ministry of Higher Education, says girls can choose their favourite subject, with the exception of just three or four.

"We need to provide separate classes for women. In some areas the number of female candidates are low. So we are not allowing women to apply for certain courses."

Officials are yet to reveal the number of university places on offer this year.

Afghanistan's education sector was badly affected after the Taliban takeover and there has been an exodus of trained academics after the withdrawal of US-led forces last year.

The country's economy has been largely dependent on foreign aid in recent decades, but aid agencies have partly - and in some cases fully - withdrawn support to the education sector after the Taliban refused to allow girls into all secondary schools.

Many of the teaching staff who remain go unpaid for months, the BBC reported.

Taliban restrictions on which subjects girls can study are not always uniformly applied across the country, the BBC discovered. For instance, in Kabul University, girls are still allowed on some courses in the journalism faculty.

But girls cannot circumvent the distance-rule. The Taliban have divided the country into a number of zones and girls are not allowed to study outside them, in what amounts to another very serious restriction based on sex, the BBC found.

UNI ING。这对他的个人财富和公司帝国意味着什么？图片：2017年2月26日，亚马逊首席执行官杰夫·贝索斯和作家妻子麦肯齐·贝索斯在加利福尼亚州西好莱坞出席了亚马逊电影公司的奥斯卡颁奖典礼，贝索斯因创建亚马逊而闻名。他仍然是公司的最大股东。根据亚马逊2018年提交的委托书，贝佐斯拥有亚马逊16.3%的股份。他还创立了Blue Origin，并在与麦肯锡结婚25年后买下了《华盛顿邮报》。

C | 亚马逊总部设在华盛顿州，贝索斯拥有一个豪华的家。根据国家法律，这所豪宅属于“夫妻共同财产”。这意味着，如果贝索斯在那里申请离婚，他们婚姻期间积累的所有资产和负债将被视为双方的配偶所有。法律规定，除婚前协议另有规定外，这些财产应当公平分配。目前还不清楚这对夫妇是否有这样的协议。西雅图的离婚律师大卫•斯塔克斯（DavidStarks）说，资产的公平分配并不总是意味着资产的平等分配。他说，在典型情况下，法院会设法平衡资产，以便双方在长期内大致平等。例如，如果一个配偶有更大的收入潜力，他或她可能会获得更少的资产，因为他或她更可能从长远来看支持自己。

D | 但在贝索斯案中，彭博亿万富翁指数显示贝索斯的净资产高达1370亿美元，法院可能会平均分配这笔钱。”当你选择以亿万富翁的身份离婚时，法院似乎不太可能花时间来确定谁在10年内会更富有，”Rigs说。股东们更担心离婚会如何影响贝索斯对亚马逊的控制。许多行业专家不确定会发生什么。毕竟，自公司成立以来，很少有具有如此影响力的公司创办人与彼此奋斗的配偶离婚。唯一的例子可能是鲁珀特·默多克，他和他的第二任妻子安娜建立了一个媒体帝国，安娜在1999年离婚前结婚30多年，但据报道他签署了婚前协议。乔治梅森大学（George Mason University）法律助理教授乔丹·内兰（约旦·内兰）曾写过有关CEO离婚的文章，他说贝索斯家族在不大量投资亚马逊股票的情况下，可能很难分配财富。”曾经有很多CEO离婚，但他们都是在成为CEO之前积累了大量财富的专业人士，”尼兰说。所以我认为这就是为什么贝索斯离婚案不同的原因。他是亚马逊的创始人，在任职期间离婚。通常，CEO可以通过将其他资产（如房地产）留给配偶来避免股票分割。

E | 但尼兰说：“对贝索斯人来说，他们所有的财富都将集中在亚马逊。

F | 在这种情况下，我不知道如何处理如此巨大的财富，但我认为他的配偶将得到亚马逊股票的一部分。

G | 因此，这将改变亚马逊的所有权结构。尼兰补充说，这可能意味着亚马逊需要找到一个新的结构，以确保贝索斯的股票仍然有足够的投票权，就像创建具有不同投票权的不同类别的股票一样。”他说：“这绝对是一项创造性的律师业务。

H | ”我不知道这是否有先例。”但斯塔克斯推测贝佐斯可能早在周三的公开声明中就已经就这一问题达成了一致。斯塔克斯说：“我不得不想象，为了达成协议，他们一定进行了长期的对话和合法的讨论。”该协议将确保贝索斯继续拥有控制亚马逊的能力。斯塔克斯说，为了实现这一目标，麦肯锡可能会选择放弃亚马逊股票的所有权或投票给亚马逊股票。亚马逊向美国证券交易委员会（SEC）提交的文件中可能披露了许多和解条款。亚马逊拒绝置评。股东们也可能担心亚马逊首席执行官在经历艰难的个人处境时的心态。但一位专家指出，贝索斯巨大的财富是一个缓解因素。斯坦福商学院（Stanford Business School）专注于公司治理的教授大卫•拉克尔（David Larcker）在2013年写了一篇研究论文，概述了CEO离婚对股东可能产生的影响。他说，一些为了离婚而剥离资产的首席执行官已经在企业中形成了风险规避。那些认为自己的净资产急剧缩水的人可能不太愿意押注于高风险的创新。但对于贝佐斯来说，拉克怀疑对冲是否有效，因为他拥有太多的财富。他补充道：“如果一个人有1000万美元的资产，当他们将一半的资产分配给配偶时，他们的财富就会下降到500万美元。在这种情况下，如果你有更少的钱，如果你相信你会变得更加规避风险，这可能会转化为一个更加规避风险的决策。美国婚姻律师协会（American Society of Marriage Lawyers）主席彼得•沃尔泽（Peter Walzer）建议：“股东们唯一应该担心的是冗长的诉讼。”但他没有看到这一点，并表示，“就他们发表声明的方式而言，我认为他们不会这么做。

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